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Mummies Curse Essay Sample free essay sample

Legend has it that any individual who set out to open the grave would persevere through the fury of the mama. Since mas have been related with many beguiling forces from the beginning of time. a portion of the mas found from Egypt were ground into an OK pounding and sold as magical mama pummeling. It’s accepted the pummeling had enchanting mending forces and it wasn’t until the find of King Tut and the ballyhoo of the media that things would adjust everlastingly. There are a few hypotheses behind the Mas Curse that came to fruition during the find of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb. On the outside of the grave the expressing â€Å"Death Shall Come On Swift Wings to Him Who Disturbs the Peace of the King† was composed to caution off anybody from come ining the grave. After the grave was found seve3ral peculiar and arbitrary occasions began taking topographic point that caused everybody to accept that the exclamation was valid. We will compose a custom article test on Mummies Curse Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Later on Peoples have thought of there ain speculations about this occasion some state it was the mama finishing his interjection others state it was only irregular episodes. what's more, different researchers state that the perishes were because of microorganisms that executed the individuals. In one treatment they same that when the grave was found the feline who subsidized the unearthing Lord Carnarvon kicked the bucket from a mosquito nibble he got that had gotten tainted. Evidently a similar dim that he passed on his Canis familiaris yelled and fell over dead. what's more, after the noticeable radiations of Cairo mysteriously went out. The media got a fasten of the story and just went for it that the interjection had materialized and was murdering off the individuals who had upset his resting topographic point. Media other than said that Howard Carters. the grown-up male that found the grave. supported fink was murdered by a nibble from a cobra. The solitary thing that they could non explain is the reason Carter wasn’t slaughtered during this clasp. Therefore in a similar treatment it was said that Lord Carnarvon was slaughtered by bacteriums that was discharged into the air when the grave was opened. Another treatment went into the logical find of small scale life forms that were discharged into the air that slaughtered non just Lord Carnarvon yet adjacent to made the diggers go sick as great and color inside the accompanying five mature ages after the uncovering. Essentially all the things that occurred after the uncovering that everybody thought was the exclamation was truly nil in excess of a twine of interpretable chance occurrences. The logical control in this hypothesis indicated that there was no swearword and it is one I concur with. I don’t have confidence in interjections I feel there is a ground for most things that happen the way it was portrayed as being spores that executed these individuals bodes well with all the things that were in the grave. It is said that the mas were covered with a wide range of supplement furniture and different things they required so as to do their excursion to the great beyond. These things are after a piece are heading out to pull a few sorts of creepy crawlies and bacteriums. that and it resembles what you find in more seasoned spots you discover form and distinctive bacteria’s. This goes to demo that a grave that has been puting for a considerable length of time would hold some sort of bacteriums turning in it. There are a clump of individuals out there who are extremely eccentric and have confidence in exclamations and things like that. what's more, there are the other kind of individuals who think logically and state that there is a reasonable record for everything. I accept that despite the fact that it was an extremely bizarre link of occasions that can do individuals to secure troubled about the interjection being genuine despite the fact that there is a completely decent record to what occurred. Either way it is a decent story and puzzles like this brand you step back and deference. Notices Internet. qualtestusa. com/KingTutsCurse. hypertext markup languagehypertext move convention:/www. kingtutone. com/tutankhamun/revile/

MoraWarfare, Murder and Minima

MoraWarfare, Murder and Minima Some Moral Minima Home›Research Posts›Some Moral Minima Research PostsIntroductionLenn Goodman had challenges anyone about universal global justice in our very competitive and yet diverse world. In his research about global and societal good, he comes across a former scholar, Bimal Matilal now in a wheel chair, who despite challenges in health comes up with four main norms that should be considered for universal support; Rejection of adultery, defense of truth, Respect for life,   as well as   abhorrence of   theft. Mr. Bimal drew these from the very rich religious and philosophical Indian traditions, as well as working hard not to rely on any ones divinity. In essence, Matilal’s aim was consensus without any form of compromise of principle.Goodman brings us to task and even challenges that had the Americans taken such critical considerations and self consciousness before it gained independence and wrote its constitution that would never have happened, if it were to factor in slavery. This he says is the main game play of American politics as well as law, since there is so much compromise in our political class and activities due to personal interest(Lenn 2010). Our legal framework on the other hand is embedded in this, because not every compromise is tolerable nor praise worthy since ambiguity itself has become appoint of juridical tactic as well as law itself, thereby leaving the most important issues away from the big picture.Mr. Goodman who had been participating in a symposium with fellow philosophers, who took turns to present their thoughts as well as ideal ideas for which would make people embrace good morals as well as upright ethical mannerisms. This is because in recent times there have been increase in violence in the world in proportions never seen before and has been facilitated by difference in ideologies such as religion, political issues such as communism and capitalist. Facts such as these have never been so true, from the cold war to t he now very recent war on terror and suicide bombers. All these is are as a result of one country or religion thinking that they are better than the other. Now the whole purpose of brainstorming by the philosophers was how wills the world with its very diverse population, governments and religious ideas reach a common consent and tolerance. This is because despite many compromises made by various communities or religion in order to accommodate another people there are still challenges that put as apart as a community. Truth be told, there is no over-reaching norm of practice as well as practice that guides as wholly as one people, and without compromise, from what is wrong from right.How do we draw the line and bring all of us to a common consent. The common consent is critical but being unanimous is not sufficient nor does it meet the threshold for proper standard of moral universality. Relativity of it must be taken into account, considering the diversity of any community. This is due to the fact that people want their interests to be taken to account. In our societies however the disparities between rich and poor, as well as young and poor may never fully bring this to be due to one side feeling sidelined or the powerful steer matters as well as situation in their own favor.Warfare, Murder and GenocideFrom the discussion Goodman is absolutely right in the examples that he puts forward that include; slavery, polygamy and incest, terrorism, hostage taking and child warriors as well as genocides, politically induced famine and germ warfare put ones moral stand into task. This is because as one is put between a rock and a hard place as one as why do some things happen or why should one (government) be behind some of these acts. Ones morality is shaken when one discovers that governments would engage in very atrocious acts jus to be ahead of others. He says that murder is wrong but warfare may not be always be wrong as it may be a form of necessity to protect th e subjects in question. So where does one draw the line? He puts it clear, murder is simply wrong as one ends a person’s life. Warfare on the other hand may be a necessary action to deter one side from carrying out its wrongful and atrocious actions. The problem is that war is subject to a lot of dynamics and more often than not rapidly escapes control (Lenn, 2010). There is this form of illusion that war is a device while weapons are themselves only tools.This therefore leads to escalation of war to proportions that strip the   moral barriers of those in combat. Rules of engagement are often ignored and war becomes the only form of diplomacy. In far as war is continues all forms   of wrongs will happen, everyone in say an invaded country becomes the enemy, the worst being even teenagers and young children as well as women will more often than not suffering the full brutal force of the war. Mass rapes, sodomy, as well as murder of children and women are common wherever war rages s ince it always lies in the intent. In several cases war escalates to a genocide campaign, some examples include the Rwanda massacred of 1994 where 800000 lives were terminated as a community tried to exterminate the other, or the Soviets in Ukraine. As one can tell from the examples it’s all about difference in ideas or when one community feels superior.ConclusionFrom the example one is challenged on what is wrong and right or what may seem wrong but an absolutely necessary action and how should we carry out these actions. We must look at our intentions as well as morality and more so consider the consequences of these actions.

China and Indian challenges to U.S. managers in the formulation of global strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4207 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? China and Indian Challenges to U.S. managers in the formulation of global strategy Chapter 1: Abstract This document will focus on evaluating the challenges that threaten the global economy in relation to China and India economies. Research will also involve analysis of the Chinas and Indias economies, and their influence to the global market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "China and Indian challenges to U.S. managers in the formulation of global strategy" essay for you Create order Similarly, an analysis of the strategic elements will be done to enable proper environment for U.S global managers to maintain a competitive advantage against such challenges. In addition, research will involve global managers efforts to find solutions to such challenges in the future (Shiozwa, 2007) Chapter 2: Introduction As the world moves deeper into the global economy, global or international managers are experiencing major challenges. International market environment has been observed to be transforming continually. At the same time, India and China economies have demonstrated threats to the international market due to challenges they have posed to the global market. Organizations or companies have been forced to form strategies that can assist them predict the future outcomes of the global economy (Liu, 2003). Application of such strategies will facilitate maintenance of a competitive advantage. For an international manager to succeed, identity of the challenges posed will be necessary since company resources will be directed towards navigating such global economic challenges. Chapter 3: Literature review United States seems to be more comfortable with Indias rise than that of China. Quadrennial Defense Review (i.e. QDR) of fiscal 2010 made recognition of a global affair which is more influential to India with Indian Ocean region inclusion. Chinas decision making processes plus military development has posed a threat to the U.S global managers. India and China are the two conventional wars that U.S is fighting besides terrorism threat. China and India economies have proved to be potent in shaping the international system in the future. US has formulated a new strategy review to deal with the Indias increase in terms of political influence and cultural reach. However, the increasing influence plus democratic values which are shared with the U.S, an open political system and global stability will allow for more opportunities in cooperation. Indias military capabilities have been improving rapidly with time due to high acquisition of defense such as long-range surveillance for the mariti me (Koo Dong, 2002). As these capabilities improve, Asia will benefit from Indias contribution as a security net provider within the environment of Indian Ocean and beyond. Global strategic landscape evolution is being driven by the Chinas growing influence in global or regional and the security affairs. Deficiency of transparency within Chinas military development or processes of decision making has raised legitimate queries on its operation and intentions. Chinas economy influence on global trade Chinas economy consists of 10percent of the U.S economy, 20percent of Japans economy and 90percent of the Italys economy. Adjustments of disparities of the purchasing power revealed that Chinas economy is a half as large as the United States economy. This indicates that China is the second largest economy globally. In addition the economy of China is growing and expanding at a very high rate. China became World Trade Organization (i.e. WTO) member in 2001 which gave the economy an opportunity and opening for trade. China reduced its average tariff rates from 16.7% to 12%in 2002 as part of WTO joint agreement. China is also aiming at reducing the number of goods under import quota or license. The economy is also planning to liberalize foreign investment in insurance, banking, retail trade or wholesale, financial services, construction, asset management, tourism and telecommunications (Brainard, 2010). Access of China to WTO means that China will have reduced Chinese trade protectionis m hence larger markets to China neighbors. Reduced production costs as a result of WTO opening will enable China to attract foreign investment more than other Asian countries. For example, Southeast Asian Association (i.e. ASEAN) and Japans reduction of its direct investments in ASEAN nations has assisted China to open up markets to ASEAN while running trade deficits together with them. Increased Chinas economic integration with the southern neighbors has facilitated sensitization of all parties to more integration. Regional leaders declared that Chinas trade agreement with the ASEAN nations is predictable within a period of 10years. Similarly, mainland China and Taiwan are economically integrating Taiwans direct investment to mainland China has been seen to be increasing at a rapid rate despite the countrys slow pace in uplifting the political hurdles. As a matter of fact, traditionally, Taiwanese industry heavy dependency on Japanese industry has resulted into severe suffering due to a stagnation of Japan plus the slow down of the global high-tech. More open markets in China will allow South Korea to experience an increase in sales volume within China. According to analysts, the emergence of China as an economic power may prompt an emergence of free trade agreement between Japan and Korea, while none of them is a member of ASEAN. However, no matter how Korea may t ry to balance its political and economic relations with China, U.S and Japan, the influence of China within Koreas economy will continue to grow while chinas economy expands. Similarly, Koreas pressure to maintain technological advantage to China will probably increase while China advances technologically (Khan Hu, 1997). Indias economic influence on global market India has been observed to have a growing influence to the global affairs. For this reason, U.S has given it the mandate to be a net security provider within the Indian Ocean and beyond as a result of its advanced military capabilities. Distribution of global economic, political and military power has been shifting and appearing more diffuse. Indias rise as the worlds largest democracy will go on reshaping the international system. This was as in accordance to report by Quadrennial Defense Review (i.e. QDR) which was released by the U.S secretary for defense, Robert Gates (Bradsher, 2008). For US to continue remaining as the most powerful actor within the global economy its necessary for it to continue cooperating with its partners and allies so as to build and develop as well sustain security and peace. Americas interest has been in integrating the rising powers fully. Indias increase in terms of cultural, political and economic power influence is causing the country to be more infl uential on the role of global affairs. Opportunities for cooperation are evident due to Indias democratic value and growing influence which are shred with the United States. Similarly, an open political system in addition to global stability commitment is also opportunity for cooperation. Defense acquisition increase in India has facilitated improvements to its military capabilities. Defense acquisition referred here includes maritime interdiction, maritime surveillance, patrolling, strategic airlift, or air interdiction. Already, India has established global military influence via counter piracy, humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping, and efforts of disaster relief. Indias has invested into efforts in fresh life breadth towards global trade talks since New Delhi has had attempts in stamping its authority towards global economic stage. After earlier talks had failed concerning sharp agreement among New Delhi, United States and China, India is trying to break the dreadlock. Disagreement was on mechanism of special safeguard so as to shield poor farmers from surge imports which had depressing prices. Similarly, this attempts are aimed at deflecting blame for possibilities of WTOs Dona round collapse.. However, Indias globalizing economy is offering a growing interest in witnessing that deal go through. India has secured a place in the global economy due to its population size and the size of its economy (Bradsher, 2008) Chapter 4: Research findings and discussions Challenges of China and India to the Global economy: Strategic elements applications China and Indias economies have posed a great danger to the order of the global economy. However, there is need for the global managers to apply strategic elements in fighting such challenges. Seemingly, China has grown to be an economic superpower. China has been rated to be the 2nd largest economy and 2nd largest exporter in the world. Chinas economy holds by far the current worlds largest surplus account and the foreign exchange reserves. For example, in 2006, the real GDP was around 13times the 1978 level when economic reforms were initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Deep integration to the worlds economy has been associated with China hence the dramatic expansion of Chinas economy has powerful effects on the other parts of the world. Global managers in the U.S can invest heavily and strengthen the higher education, workforce training and basic research. U.S technology should be applied in global fight against ignorance and poverty. Additionally, U.S global leaders can engage efforts to reclaim the position of U.S as the scientists, students, technologists, and premier business destination worldwide. Such actions would reduce barriers in trade, human capital exchange and investment. Such considerations ought to be by all managers seeking global expansion opportunities. Observations have revealed Chinas rise to facilitate other economic superpowers. Despite Chinas impacts on the global economy being discussed with that of India, they cannot be compared. Explanation to this can be linked to the fact that Indias GDP has been less by half to that of China. Annual trade growth of China exceeds Indias total trade levels (Mansingh, 2008). Similarly, China has more direct investment which are foreign than India has had since 60years ago when it gained its independence. However, currently India is developing in a dramatic way and may surpass China but China will tend to retain the Asian neighbors in the future. Nevertheless, U.S can apply strategic elements such as a contin uous development or building strategic ties with India. U.S should encourage India to assume a more active economic and political role within the region In addition, Japan has signaled to be the next potential global economic superpower contender. Japanese competitive prowess resulted to widespread perceptions of it being rated number one. However, its economic transactions plus trade with the rest part of the world remained as a limited share of its economy relatively. Also, the Japanese financial markets did not liberalize to an extent of enabling the yen to serve an important role internationally. Japanese economy thereby collapsed throughout the entire decade of 1990s while at the same time its population is declining. Japanese economy has therefore lost its regional dominance to China. China therefore poses a main challenge to the U.S due to its newly acquired global economic superpower. With such increasing powers, international order is disturbed and the security is also triggered hence rise of economic conflicts (Heaton, 2008). Complications of the challenge are facilitated by the historical background, where China has not be en a democracy yet. As a strategy, Washington should go on seeking robust military to another relationship with New Delhi as a strategy element. Such relationships will promote defense trade ties (Anders, 2007). Similarly, Washington should develop Asian regular and formal dialogues on developments within the border with India. Encouragement of India in permanent involvement in strategic initiatives which are value based such as trilateral dialogue. Determination that the Chinas economy has emulated towards becoming a country with successful high income without authoritarian political system reforms has been the greatest global challenge. China has shown likelihood that it will never accept systematic responsibilities which are normally associated to the superpower status. Similarly, China has posed significant security challenges. Time has revealed China to be expanding and modernizing its military capacity at a rapid rate. However, this expansion cannot equate that of the U.S on global basis. Chinas forces have had capabilities of wider projections and predictions are that they soon will operate outside their region. Economic success of China has been expanding the nations abilities in support and deployment of more military assets at a very high speed hence posing a potential threat to the world economy. The economy has remained a nuclear power consisting of delivery systems able to reach some parts of the U.S. In addition, China has challenged the existing international norms in relation to self determination, labor standards, nonproliferation and human rights among others. Economic domain has revealed that China principally adheres to the norms but in practice the country deviates. Evidence of this is seen in Chinas cooperation with those countrie s known to violate those international norms such as Iran on proliferation of nuclear and Burma in relation to human rights. Global order is therefore incapacitated to deal or address such shortcomings. Such challenges can be fought through strategically reached close coordination on Southeast and South Asia plus increased mutual confidence between US and India in relation to each others regional strategic intentions. For example, U.S should encourage India to help Afghanistan developments into stable democracy. This can be done through encouraging India to assist to strengthen democratic institutions within Afghanistan hence deepening US-India exchanges in Afghanistan developments. US can also assist strengthen Indias cooperative activities (Cohen et al, 2005). China has also posed a systematic challenge due to the fact that the country has revealed discomforts with the international economic system currently. China wants to be welcomed to the global world as well be given a post at the top. For example, in 2008 China was bold to harshly and publicly criticize the U.S for own shortcomings on world economy management. In particular, this was specifically on regulatory regime in prevention of global financial crisis, steady dollar fall which facilitated rise in oil and other good prices in addition to the alleged discriminatory rules contrary to the incoming foreign investments (Amadeo, 2008). In economic interactions with other countries China has been pursuing conflicting strategies to the rules, norms or institutional arrangements which are responsible for global order. Trade challenge is also another problem that global economic managers have to deal with. China has been playing a passive and a disruptive role in relation to global system. In 2008, hoarding of foreign currency went beyond 1.8trillion dollars despite the continuous Chinese population low incomes. Global economy has therefore been under substantial pressure. Chinas surplus originates from massive foreign exchange markets interventions in prevention of Chinas currency appreciation. Rights have been accorded to China in pegging their currency under the rules of IMF, but no rights for massive interventions within the foreign exchange markets. On trade policy, China does not hide preferences of politically motivated bilateral, low quality or even regional arrangements with personal trading partners (Brainard, 2010). Global managers can strategically link domestic and international policies which are currently being treated separately. Policy of federal immigration for example, encourages overseas students within prioritized filed to retain their citizenship after the graduation through being given access to permanent residence. China has also posed a challenge to the international monetary system order. Facilitation of this has been China rejection to adopt a policy of flexible exchange rate which would promote balance of payments adjustments position. As matter of fact, China has intervened at a massive rate within the currency market in maintenance of a substantial undervalued rate of exchange. As a result of this, huge current account and trade surpluses have been evident and are counterparts of United States current account and trade deficits (Richelson, 1999). Imbalances of such kind plus the unprecedented international funds flow would trigger dollar crash at any time thereby affecting the global economy and the current financial crisis compounding it. Chinas search for oil supply sources that are assured has been another challenge that global managers will have to address. Actions of China to carry out such a search will result to increased global oil production or gas. With such, upward pressures of the prices will alleviate and there maybe possible shortages. Predictions that China will be the worlds largest energy consumer in the near future has contributed to dramatic oil price rise in the past 5years. To fight such energy crisis, US can assist strengthen Indias cooperative activities with the Agency of International Energy so as to coordinate response mechanisms just in case of oil emergency. Since U.S hold a major stake in relation to how India deals with increased energy shortage and how competition with China is pursued for energy resources. U.S should therefore work closely with India during the development of its strategic reserves of oil. Such actions ensure that the main energy consuming nations are well prepared to cooperate in resolving any potential energy crisis globally (Sodhi, 2008). Indias development as an economic power has posed challenges to the U.S global economy. Investor risk has been promoted due to turmoil pervasiveness. Financial sector risks have been on the higher rank and the problems have started to spill towards the real sector. As a strategic element, US must avoid any potential military conflict with India-China concerning unresolved issues of the border since US concern is to facilitate stability within the region. Washington should watch the ongoing border talks at a close range without any mediation. In future, there is likelihood that there will be a breakthrough in China India discussions. However, Washington must keep at watch those talks to identify any tension signs that maybe ratcheting upward (Carter, 2001). In 2008, the United States experienced an aggressive support from the monetary and fiscal easing. Similarly, non financial sector entered the period of financial turbulence with high profits margins and high profits together with a low leverage. Before gradual recovery takes place, global growth will continue slowing down (Malik, 2007). Consumers and business enterprises have experienced deterioration while industrial activities have slowed down. Such occurrences have demonstrated tighter credit conditions, negative impacts on exports plus weaker global growth. Disposable incomes have been undercut due to high oil and food prices and financial strains are limiting investments. Experiences of housing markets have been evident and increasing, thereby dragging domestic demand within several European countries such as Spain, United Kingdom or Ireland. Closer collaborations with India concerning initiatives purposed to strengthen economic development or democratic trends within the regio n should be applied as a strategy. Working with India would facilitate counter attacking any of Chinese moves which would act as a claw back to such trends so as to ensure democratic, peaceful development of Southeast Asia and South Asia. Lastly, China is challenge to the foreign aid since it has become a main donor. Challenges have been posed to the prevailing norms due to ignorance of the existing conditions. Apart from rejecting social conditions the country has also overlooked the prevailing economic criteria such as poverty alleviation or good governance. Chinas conditions have been somehow political in that they insist that recipient countries must support global issues positions of China within the United Nations or elsewhere. Such countries must also funnel their own primary products to Chinas reliable suppliers. Chinas deviation from the global norms has posed a threat since their recipients get an escape from the western conditionality which is despised. Such an escape is both politically satisfying and financially satisfying. U.S should engage dialogues which would promote democracy, economic freedom, counterterrorism and Asian developments. Trilateral agendas among Japan, US and Australia should continue t o facilitate trilateral initiatives particularly in the areas of maritime cooperation and energy (Koo Dong, 2002). Chapter 6: Recommendations Global managers however need to invest heavily on acquiring a competitive advantage for the United States. On the lower side, there is greater need to engage the public on issues of global economy. Firstly, global managers in U.S can invest heavily and strengthen higher education, workforce training and basic research. U.S technology should be applied in global fight against ignorance and poverty. United States will be positioned to be the indispensable hub of global business emergence plus technological networks, ultimately providing competitive measures and productivity (Rifkin, 2006). When the U.S economy creates extra wealth, extra resources will be available to facilitate high wages, more savings, higher shareholder returns, extra investments, higher living standards and better government services. On the other hand, reduced productivity will result to weaker competitiveness, reduced services and reduced resources. Similarly, global managers should ensure U.S citizens are availed with additional graduate partnerships in science and mathematics and particularly engineering or physical sciences. Priorities in economic security, high risk research or long-range investment should not be diminished by the need for extra investments in physical security such as defense. Similarly, federal research commitment must be sustained over time and across all disciplines (Caploe, 2009). Through the use of accelerated commercialization programs or reduced public-private collaboration barriers, university, cooperate and federal state should be leveraged. Within local and state l evels, commitment to greater up-front is required so as to develop credentialed and qualified corps of K-12S science and math teachers. In addition, increased global challenge should call for global managers to focus investments on continuous training of the workforce. Where appropriate, such training should be done in industrial conjunction or partnership. Such an action will ensure community colleges or other educational institutions are engaging in production of globally competitive workforce capable of meeting the requirements of a rapid economy change. In cases of incumbent workers, providing conducive workplace would facilitate security, flexibility or skills development. For example, minority populations in California contribute a growing share of the countrys population. Global managers should ensure potential inherent within the states diversified workforce is highly developed (Rifkin, 2006). Large community segments should not be consigned with low job opportunities, low wage, hobbled in future abilities to compete with fellow counterparts within India, China or Korea. Within California, investments should be made to physical infrastructure in particular airports, roads, ports, or bridges. Such infrastructures are essential in transportation of goods or people. Similarly, investments can be accorded to strategies which promote worker mobility in relation to changing job markets, strategies aimed at promoting business or technology networks, research or entrepreneurial assets plus a business climate which account for global co mpetition through reduction of business costs in investments, production or hiring. For private sectors, there will be need for product innovation, higher premiums, service innovation or product. Chapter 7: Conclusion From the above discussion, its evident that China and India has been threatening the global market operations. Operations of these economies have posed several challenges to the global managers, who have been compelled to develop ways of fighting those challenges to acquire a competitive advantage. However, for the competitive advantage to be reached, it has been revealed the need for proper strategic elements prevalence to facilitate fruitful achievements (Moore, 2008). References Amadeo, K. (December, 2008). The U.S Current Account Deficit: Threat or Way of Life, About.com Guide. Retrieved on 4th February, 2010 from: https://useconomy.about.com/b/a/2008_12_04.htm Anders, J (June, 2007). India-US Partnerships Should Bolster Global System, USINFO Staff Writer. Retrieved on February 4th 2010 from : https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/June/20070628174803zjsredna0.1144525.html Bowen, H. Viane, J.(February, 1998). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Applied International Trade Analysis, Macmillan Press. Retrieved on 4th February, 2010 from : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_trade. Bradsher, K(February, 2008).Chinas Inflation Rose to 7.1% in January, The New York Times. Retrieved on January 4th 2010 from: https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/business/worldbusinesss.com inflation.html?r=2 Brainard, L. (February, 2010). Top Ten Global Economic Challenges: An Assessment of Global Risks and Priorities, Brooking. Retrieved on 4th February, 2010 from: https://www.brookings.edu/experts/brainardl.aspx Caploe, D . (January, 2009).US Q4 2009 GDP: Should Growth Numbers Be Believed, Retrieved on 4th February 2010 from: https://www.economywatch.com/economy-business-and-finance-news/should-q4-US-growth-numbers-be-believed-01-02.html Carter, M (January, 2001). The Korean War: Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. Retrieved on 4th 2010, from:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number Cohen, Eliot, C John, G. (August, 2005). Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War. Free Press 2(4): 165-195. Retrieved on 5th January, 2010 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States-China_relations#cite_ref-9. Heaton, C. (December, 2008). The biggest threat to the global economy, Money week. Retrieved on 4th February, 2010 from: https://www.moneyweek.com/investments/stock-markets/the-biggest-threat-to-the-global-economy-in-2009-53142.aspx Khan, M Hu, Z. (June, 1997). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why Is China Growing So Fast, International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on February 4th 2010 from: https://www.imf.org/EXTERNAL/PUBS/FT/ISSUES8/INDEX.HTM Koo, J Dong F (January, 2002). Chinas Economic Ties with Its Neighbors Grow,FederalReserve Bank of Dallas. Expand Your Insight Article. Retrieved on January 4th 2010 from: https://www.dallasfed.org/eyi/global/0203china.htm Liu, H. (February, 2003). Power and the new world order, Global Economy. Retrieved on 4th February 2010, from : https://www.henryckliu.com/page90.html. Malik, M (October, 2007).India-China Competition Revealed in Ongoing Border Disputes, Power and Interest News Report. Retrieved on February 4th 2010 from: https://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_reportreport_id=695language_id=1 Mansingh, S (February, 2008).Rising China and Emergent India in the 21st Century: Friends or Rivals?, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. XIX, No. 4 : p. 133. Moore, D ( March, 2008). The challenges and opportunities in China and India, Economic Social Research Council. Retrieved on February, 4th 2010 from://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/esr-tca030308.php Richelson, J (September, 1999). From Hostility to Engagement 1960-1998, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing. Retrieved from: https://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB19/ Rifkin, G (March, 2006). Building better global managers, Harvard Management Update, Vol .11, No.3.Retrieved on 4th February, 2010 from: https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/5370.html Shiozwa, Y.(September, 2007). A new construction of Ricardian Trade Theory, Evolution and Institutional Economic Review. Retrieved on 4th February, 2010 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_trade#cite_ref-3 Sodhi, T(February, 2008). Troop Cutback Begins in JK, Tribune News Service. Retrieved on February 4th 2010 from : https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080221/main4.htm

Uk s Driving Communities For Growing Up Instruction

Established in 1889, we are one of the UK s driving communities for grown-up instruction. Morley is best known for music and the visual expressions, with more than 13,000 understudies contemplating with us every year. We have been appraised as London s top school for learner fulfillment in 2015.* Our helpful focal London area is spot on the limit of the districts of Lambeth and Southwark. We are near Westminster Bridge and Waterloo Station as are truly very much put to serve the adapting needs of Londoners, and in addition workers ready to set out effortlessly to the College. Morley is about the delight of learning and the constructive effect fruitful learning has in bringing out individual potential, restoring self-conviction and making new open door. The Morley staff group are authorities in grown-up training, with impressive subject mastery in the Arts, Culture and Applied Sciences. Notwithstanding more than sixty regions of study Morley gives an uncommon scope of advancement open doors for understudies and the more extensive group, keeping up a prominent project of exhibitions and occasions, including open presentations at the Morley Gallery. Whether considering for self-improvement and prosperity, to increase vital aptitudes (English, Maths, IT), to get to advanced education, or for vocation improvement or change, our vision at Morley is for our understudies desire to be propelled and accomplished through learning. Much obliged to you again for yourShow MoreRelatedMandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London3249 Words   |  13 Pagespermission should be taken before use. But in the current time the guests of the hotel can also take part in the tradition after pre availed permission. (Mandarin Oriental the Hotel Group. 2012). Recognitions †¢ Conde Nast Traveller UK Reader’s Choice Awards, 2014 Runner up – UK Business Hotels †¢ Travel Leisure Magazine World’s Best Hotels, 2014 Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London †¢ Trip Advisor - Certificate of Excellence, 2014 Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London †¢ Food Travel Magazine Awards, 2014Read MoreOrganisational Structure Is an on-Going Management Task. How Does Organisational Structure Affect Human Behaviour in Organisations?2102 Words   |  9 Pagesmembers of the organisation† (Mullins, 2005, p. 596). That is mean the relationships are close between managers and staff, especially in small companies them relationship are visible. J.Child in his work presents three different components that make up the definitions of organisational structure: 1. â€Å"Organization structure designates formal reporting relationships, including the number of levels in the hierarchy and the span of control of managers and supervisors† – as before this definition is aboutRead MoreThe Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education5055 Words   |  21 PagesWhy the government are driving to ensure literacy is a main priority, especially reading by six years of age. The importance of this and the effects on the child, parents, teachers and society. Abstract This paper attempts to analyse why the government are working so hard at ensuring all our primary children are reading by the age of six. The importance of this and the effect on children, teachers and society. It is well documented that reading is one of the most important abilities studentsRead MoreBusiness Strategies Of Tesco PLC24572 Words   |  99 Pagessubmitted in candidature for any degree. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. The correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the titleRead MoreInvestment Banking in Bangladesh5749 Words   |  23 Pagesit’s existing and potential valued customers.   Credits cards can now be used at shops amp; restaurants all around Bangladesh and even internationally. Trust Bank is a customer oriented financial institution.   It remains dedicated to meet up with the ever growing expectations of the customer because at Trust Bank, customer is always at the center. Vision of Trust Bank Limited We aim to provide financial services to meet customer expectations so that customers feel we are always there when they needRead MoreStandardisation and Adaptation Within International Marketing Context24708 Words   |  99 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF HULL Integration of Standardisation and Adaptation Marketing Mix Strategy Reference to Shiseido Company in UK and China Being a Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Business Administration (General) in the University of Hull by Ai Jun Hou , BA (Honours) (April 20, 2001) Acknowledgement This dissertation reflects the contribution and insights of many people. I shall take the opportunity to thank the followingRead MoreCulture in Marketing Essay4606 Words   |  19 PagesThe way we do things around here. In releation to International marketing, culture can be defined as ‘ The sum total of learned beliefs, values and customs that serve to direct consumer behaviour in a particular country market. Thus culture is made up of three essential components. Beliefs A large number of mental and verbal processes which reflect our knowledge and assessment of products and services. Values The indiacators consumers use to serve as guides for what is appropriate behaviourRead MoreFasting Feasting18686 Words   |  75 Pagesof study that gives students the freedom to select subjects that are right for them. Cambridge International AS Levels often represent the first half of an A Level course but may also be taken as a freestanding qualification. They are accepted in all UK universities and carry half the weighting of an A Level. University course credit and advanced standing is often available for Cambridge International A/AS Levels in countries such as the USA and Canada. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/recognition. Read MoreTrends in Hotel Industry13993 Words   |  56 Pages in the coming years Indian hospitality is seeing green pastures of growth. Availability of qualified human resources and untapped geographical resources give great prospects to the hospitality industry. The number of tourists coming to India is growing year after year. Likewise, internal tourism is another area with great potentials.   | 1. Low cost carriers:  Travelers in general are more price sensitive to airfare than they are to hotel room rates. Often a low airfare will stimulate demand forRead MoreEdexcel Igcse Economics Answer49663 Words   |  199 Pagesprepared to pay for a product by making a bid online. At the end of the time period set by the seller, the product is sold to the highest bidder. If there are lots of bidders this means that demand is high and the price will be driven up. Demand is forcing up the price. On the other hand, if there are only a few bids this means that demand is low and the price of the product will also be low. If there are no bids at all this means that there is no demand and the product will go unsold. Sometimes

Medicare Impact on the Health Care System Free Essays

There are two common procedures done on the digestive system. These procedures are the lap band and gastric bypass surgery. These procedures are to help people achieve weight loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare Impact on the Health Care System or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are millions of people who have gotten these procedures done throughout the United States. However, the results are not always what you expect. Gastric bypass surgery is used to help treat obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and a number of other illnesses. From my research I have found that 15% percent of patients suffer complications and 0. % has died within six months of surgery due to complications. Mortality is a danger of gastric bypass. Anastomotic leakage, the leakage from the surgical connection between the stomach and the bowel, can occur. If it is a minor leak, it can be treated by antibiotics. However, if the leakage is severe, an additional surgery to stop the leak will be needed. Anastomotic stricture can also occur. While your anastomosis heals, a scar tissue forms. It naturally shrinks over time. The food passing through keeps it stretched. Sometimes it shrinks so much that a gastroendoscope needs to be performed to stretch it back out This may need to be done numerous times before its corrected. The lap band is used to treat similar illnesses as the gastric bypass does. This procedure also comes with risk. Erosion of the lap band can occur causing it to migrate through the stomach wall. It can cause severe problems such as leakage and bleeding. Urgent treatment is needed if this happens. Slipping of the band can happen as well. This causes the lower part of the stomach to prolapse through the band causing an enlarged upper pouch. This can in some cases cause obstruction and need immediate surgery to correct. The lap band and gastric bypass surgeries sound real good to obese people who want to lose weight fast. My advice is to research every option and weigh out the pros and cons. No minor flaw with your body is worth running the risk of these dangers happening to you, How to cite Medicare Impact on the Health Care System, Papers

Prison Escapee free essay sample

To say that I am like Andy Dufresne, wife-killing banker and mastermind behind a money laundering scandal, would be the shortest way to sum me up in a nutshell. Scrutinizing of this statement would reveal that it is indeed true: Shawshank Prison is equivalent to all the hardships I face in life, Captain Hadley has been reincarnated into all the people who exacerbate my difficulties, and I see Warden Samuel Norton in every person who enables my suffering to occur and continue. Most importantly, my rock hammer, my salvation that lay within, is the knowledge that these times of trouble will come to pass. It chips away the walls that confine me to my misfortune, little by little, until eventually, I am free of it. I am not an ignorant f***, as Andy once called Boggs, as I know that life isn’t a stroll in the park. Bad luck floats around and â€Å"it’s got to land on somebody. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Escapee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † When it lands on me, I proudly wield my rock hammer and handle the storm with finesse. Sometimes, though, the storm lasts awhile and the walls confining me seem to be a mile-thick – too thick for a six inch rock hammer. Sometimes, it’s as if bad luck ran out of people to land on, so it makes up for it by throwing every misfortune possible at me; the tantamount of the Sisters regularly beating up Dufresne at Shawshank, or Warden Norton throwing him into solitary for two consecutive months. Despite the jaw-dropping amount of bad luck, the greatest part of being like Andy Dufresne is that I share his unrelenting determination. Andy wanted a prison library, so he committed to writing two letters a week to the state for funds and succeeded. Similarly, I once wanted a pet fish, and committed to pestering my parents about it until I succeeded in acquiring one (though it died shortly afterwards because the water was too cold). Furthermore, Dufresne decided that nineteen years at Shawshank was long enough, and escaped the same night he came to that epiphany. In the same manner, I decided that I would score a 4 on the AP English Literature and Composition test, and did just that. By spending countless hours reading and writing about classic literature, whetting my analyzing skills, I strolled out the testing room (if you consider a gym to be a room) feeling accomplished and free as a prison escapee. Being like Andy is my constant. It’s helped me transcend life’s challenges and gain wisdom in preparation for problems brewing in my future. His motto is my motto: â€Å"Get busy living, or get busy dying.† Evidently, the latter of the two choices does not appeal to me. I dare not spend time evading my problems to become institutionalized like my fellow con mates; ergo I get busy living by solving them. Like Andy, I keep hope alive, even when the situation seems hopeless, and ceaselessly chip away at the problem until a solution has been tunneled out for me. People will wonder how I get through life, with all its Shawshank Prisons and various Captain Hadleys, and theorize that I have some miraculous secret to success. The only secret I have, however, is my determination to overcome, and a six inch rock hammer.

Mythology of the Vampire VSs Interview with the Vampire essays

Mythology of the Vampire VS's Interview with the Vampire essays Vampires have always been a major concept in literature, mythology, and legend. Vampires may possibly be one of the most notorious, and romanticized monsters in fiction. Throughout the history of vampires, the mythology of their powers, limitations, and ways they are created have changed with each culture, movie or piece of literature that has adopted them. In the movie Interview with the Vampire a new set of vampire mythology is cunningly created based on the use of, and the rejection of previous mythology. The movie is based on the first book of Anne Rices Vampire Chronicles which was published in 1976.The movie begins in 1791 as the vampire Lestat finds a young man named Louis in a pub. Louis has lost his wife and daughter and has nothing else to live for when Lestat offers him eternal life and everlasting youth. Louis agrees to be with Lestat because anything has to be better than the life he lives now. Louis soon finds out however, that the vampire life is not for him. Lestat very much enjoys taking lives and feeding on other people. Louis does not enjoy the killing and therefore starts feeding on the blood of rats and other animals to stay alive. Then when Lestat creates a new fledgling Claudia, he gets more than he bargained for. Claudia kills lestat, and her and louis set off for an adventure to find other vampires, so they can learn what they are, and why they exist. In most of vampire mythology, a vampire is created when a vampire feeds upon a victim. The victim dies and then rises from the dead as a newborn vampire. The myth has been around for quite a while, certainly in ancient Greek and Rome, and ranging from Assyria to India to Malaya. The legends are diverse, though all involve humans returning from the dead, needing fresh blood to survive. (Konstaninos 5) In this movie vampires are created in a much more elaborate manner. Vampires can feed on victims even to the point of death and not create a new ...

12 High Paying Entry Level Jobs

12 High Paying Entry Level Jobs Just starting out, but disheartened by the measly pay at most entry-level positions? Daunted by the amount of time it would take you to become financially solvent and start living the life you really want? While it pays to remain humble, realizing you’ll have to work hard to ascend any ladder, there are a few jobs out there that pay surprisingly well, even for someone just starting out.Here are 12 primo examples.Video Game Design – Starting Pay $60KLove video games? DREAM CAREER. You might not even need an undergraduate degree, just design sense and coding mastery. If you’ve got both the artistic and technical merit (a hard-to-come-by combination!), you can be rewarded from the get-go, with a salary upwards of $60k.Air Traffic Control – Starting Pay $64KYou might be resigning yourself to a career of at times excruciating stress, but the pay starts high and can more than double in the course of your career. If you’re comfortable holding hundreds of t housands of lives in the balance every day you go to work, you might be looking at as much as $64k in your first year.Nurse Midwifery – Starting Pay $80KLove healing? Not squeamish? Being a nurse midwife might be a great career for you. It does require an advanced degree, but it’s much less intense than full-blown med school. Plus, the starting salary is over $80k, so loans aren’t quite so daunting. The demand is extremely high; salaries will continue surging as you build your practice.Hardware Engineering – Starting Pay $65KAgain, you have to have the skills. Computer technology is geeky, intricate, and extremely demanding. But the compensation is high. $65k will turn into closer to $100k in just a few years.Podiatry – Starting Pay $116kSure, you have to get your doctorate. And not be weirded out by feet. But you might be looking at six figures in your first year of practice- more if you specialize. Your med school loans shouldn’t be a prob lem with that kind of cash.Dentistry – Starting Pay $180kYears of training, then an astronomical income. School, school, and more school, plus four years and a handful of professional exams for licensure and certification. But the money is a dream: think about $180k in the first year.Psychiatry – Starting Pay $80kYou’ll need med school, a residency, licenses and certifications- years and years of expensive training, but you’ll make about $80k a year to start. And that will continue going up.Actuary – Starting Pay $60kYou can make up to $60k a year at the entry level- provided you can synthesize math and statistics skills with financial theory and find work for an insurance or pension company.Landscape Architecture – Starting Pay $60kThis is not  just a fancy way of saying â€Å"gardener.† Landscape architects usually have at least one degree in the field and know a lot more than how to prune a rosebush. It’s a great career fo r someone who loves the outdoors and the environment, and has that extra aesthetic sense to make things beautiful. First-year salaries hover around $45k, but with bonuses usually tip the scales at $60k.Pharmacology – Starting Pay $100kThe lady who fills your prescriptions might be just about your age, but chances are she’s making twice the money. After undergrad, there’s a four-year â€Å"PharmD† program to get through, but starting salaries are over $100k.Market Research Analysis – Starting Pay $50kYou can easily net over $50k in your first year if you can work with numbers, patterns, trends, and work with focus groups to read markets and corporations. This job requires at least a bachelor’s degree.Pharmaceutical Sales – Starting Pay $50k – 85kIf you’ve got charisma and can sell, it hardly matters what you’re selling. You might not even need a degree if you can supply prior (and successful) sales experience. Youà ¢â‚¬â„¢ll have to travel quite frequently and memorize a bunch of scientific and financial details, but you can make between $50 and $85k right away.

Genetics Science Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetics Science Fiction - Essay Example You would think that by the year 2000 they would have worked out a way to keep down the noise of trains at night. He crept forwards, feeling his way along the rough brick wall until he reached the metal door at the end. The keypad number Jimmy had sent him by email that morning was etched into his brain. He had to use the torch to illuminate the keypad, but in five quick seconds he punched in the numbers and the door slid almost silently aside. Once in the building, Jason closed the door with a satisfying â€Å"click† and looked around. He was in an ordinary corridor with several brightly colored steel doors labelled â€Å"LAB F†, â€Å"Compressor Room†, â€Å"Lab G† and one door that had no label except a hazard warning sign. At the far end of the corridor there was an unusual oval door under a large black sign which said â€Å"Maximum Containment†. It had a metal wheel and rubber seals all around it like the entrance to a submarine. Along the wall s ran a series of colored pipes. Jason headed for the oval door, turned the wheel and entered.

Reflective Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflective Review - Essay Example In the process, they critically analyse strong and weak points as well as asses the opportunities and threats that can improve or compromise their professional achievements. Ignorance of the reflection stage in one’s life is a common mistake based on the misguided notion that reflection is a stupid activity similar to soul searching which is largely subjective. On the contrary, reflection is a very objective and very specific process through which we contemplate our past, earn form our mistake through a deliberate observation of our lives through the disinterested eyes it requires we use. Therefore, one of the models of reflecting one can assume is an imaginary dialogue with younger version of themselves. I selected this particular model so that I could consider my growth in the eyes of the person who originated many of the ambitions I am striving to achieve. My career pathway was very clear to start with, I knew I wanted to work in marketing because I had been inspired and me ntored by my father who had been a successful marketer for as long as I could remember. After high school, I applied to study business in college with the intention of majoring in marketing. College has taught me invaluable lessons both from inside and outside the classroom about how to improve my chances of success while am on the business pathway, especially the many skills that I need to acquire so as to improve my employability and make me more marketable in the corporate world. For one, I have come to appreciate the need for taking the initiative in whatever I do, as opposed to waiting to be directed or instructed. Today’s business world requires innovation and creativity, therefore I have learnt to think outside the convectional parameters, and otherwise when by simply doing thing according to the textbooks you will likely only produce mediocre results. Social work is a vital part of my business-oriented pathway considering that business involves interacting with people and convincing them to visit in the product you are selling. This often requires that one presents himself as trustworthy and dependable, in the words of one of my lecturers who introduced me to marketing and finance, when one markets products, he or she has to put themselves in the market first and if the client decides that they are a worth investment, they can risk putting their money on them. Therefore, in addition to my business classes, I enrolled to a few sociology classes; moreover, I spent some of my free time volunteering to do social work and community service in our local church fund drive. These excursions provided me with numerous opportunities to learn interpersonal interaction, when you talk to people even especially when you are not trying to sell them something. I developed confidence and even more importantly gradually learnt how to make people trust me, it not difficult really, all one needs to do is to be sincere and passionate. This is because once people beli eve what one is saying; they are more inclined to believe him as opposed to when they think you have an ulterior motive. In addition, I have come to realize that business and politics are inseparable, no matter how talented or bright one thinks he/she is, they must recognize the hierarchy that exists. One’s seniors must be respected and even when one sometimes feels

The Effects of Advertising Essay -- TV Media Television

Every time we open a newspaper or we turn on the TV, we see sellers of almost identical products spending huge amounts of money in order to convince us to buy their brands. Every year, each typical American watches 1550 hours of TV, listens 1160 hours on radio, and spends 290 hours reading newspapers and magazines. So every day, each American watches 100 TV advertisements, 100 to 300 ads through other mass media, and in one single year receives 216 pieces of direct mail advertising, and almost 50 phone calls from telemarketers (Pratkanis and Aronson 2). All these, because sellers of everything, from computers to detergents, believe that advertising is essential to the product. Ed Ney, ex-chairman of the Young and Rubicam American agency, refers to the mid seventies when many firms still had as a debatable issue if they should advertise or not. Those days have passed. As Ney says, that has happened, because it has been proved that advertising is beneficial to the firms (Clark 16). The critics state that advertising is really beneficial to the consumers: They believe that advertising â€Å"creates† consumers that are better informed about the characteristics of the commodities, and that it does not alter the way in which the companies evaluate their products. Also, they believe that advertising creates price sensitivity for the consumers that buy the best products for their value. Finally, they think that with advertisement, entries for new brands are much easier because of the communication with the potential consumers that commercials offer (Haefner and Rotzoll 87). Advertising, collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific commodities or services. Advertising is a form of mass selling, employed wh... ... the information that could probably be associated with. Although this problem is not very important in deciding which breakfast cereal to buy, it is very dangerous and sneaky in presidential elections, where the consequences are more conspicuous (O’Barr 205). That is because each candidate has created propaganda that might distort the beliefs of the voters. That is why advertising is appealing to the government. Making an advertising campaign against heroin use as the best way of spending money is debatable, but it enables the administration to be seen caring (Clark 31). So, I believe that advertisements exist only in order to return profits to the advertisers by many tricky ways. Some of these are the use of persuasion at the consumers, the faulty – logic messages, and the influence on children. All these acts, definitely, are not for the benefit of the consumers.

Hidden messages of objects of African art Essay

In our modern world works of art play a role which is quite different from the role they used to play in the past. Indeed, in ancient times the craftsmanship of masters who produced utensils necessary for daily needs was already the source of art, because their products were among few vehicles of self-expression. As the result, many of the objects of the ancient art were simultaneously the objects of use, like vessels for liquids, different decorated tools, etc. However, with time and along with the social developments at least since Hellenistic culture art in the Western world was becoming more a means of self-expression of man and of our human striving for beauty. This process, while preserving the attraction to objects of practical utilization endowed with artistic qualities, also led to the separation of decorative art into a means to achieve aesthetic satisfaction. At a certain moment, art began to be integrated into the approaches towards creation of living spaces of human beings, and, importantly, the works of art began to be valued for their own sake. Since the industrial revolution, when technologies enabled mass production of products, the role of art in the Western world underwent further transformation art because capitalism initiated â€Å". . . the bringing of art . . . into subordinate relation . . .†[1] Since those times there appeared a tendency to perceive works of art as a kind of modern icons enclosed in museums for public viewing. Thus, â€Å"the religion of art . . . was born†[2], and art as a consecrated phenomenon has been by now somewhat isolated from our everyday lives. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of museums is to find the most effective ways to immerse people into artistic environment and to teach them not only to contemplate objects with their eyes, but as well to feel them with all their senses, as if reliving experiences of those human beings who created artistic objects. This task becomes especially challenging when it comes to the presentation of artifacts of cultures that significantly differ from our own. To see such challenges we may turn our attention to art of Africa, which contains a lot of exotic elements for modern viewers. One of the most important qualities of art in African cultures is its focus on immediate human experiences. In addition to racial differences among the ethnic groups of Africa that are reflected in their approach towards depiction of human beings, works of African art in most cases also look so strange for modern viewers because they represent world views and unique experiences (already fixed by addition of â€Å"and unique experiences†) of their creators which are really different from ours. Indeed, African art builds upon heritage of several millennia of various cultural traditions embodied in such diverse artistic artifacts as sculptures created for ritual purposes, wooden and golden monuments, ornaments made of silver and gold, unique garments, masks, and other artifacts. On grounds of this diversity, it is very hard to make generalizations about the African culture. However, there are some common elements that can be viewed as main motives and themes of African art. For example, it is a well known fact that African natural environment is very harsh in comparison to other regions of the world. Consequently, for African denizens the answer to the need to maintain population has traditionally been the bearing of numerous children. Therefore, African women are primarily associated with the symbol of life, because the existence and integrity of families and clans depends on one hand upon ability of woman to give birth to children, and on other hand upon her role as supporter of old parents and upon her mission in many African societies of contacting with spirits of the ancestors through prayers and ritual offerings. On ground of this, many themes in African art are in one way or another linked with symbols of fertility of women, of soil as another source of life, and of animals and plants. For example, many African shrines are dedicated to spirits that are believed to provide fertility, and they often contain some sculptures or other art forms that symbolize fertility. In a more direct fashion, in many African cultures there is an abundance of art objects that directly depict pregnant women. In this way we can see that African art has traditionally been influenced by specifics of its environment. However, one of the Western approaches to African art lies in our attempts to find out whether Africans make art for its own sake, and this approach may be somewhat misleading. At this point we may recall our considerations of the development of art in the Western world when until relatively recent times art was not meant to be placed in museums as it is often the case today, but rather was integrated in the life of society, for instance in religious and even political practices. In this connection, African art seems to have retained the ability to keep itself close to everyday concerns of people as far as it aims to reflect upon the most urgent concerns of African people. The objects of African art bristle with expressive emotions of their masters who with the help of objects of art try to investigate their relation with the world, and who through art communicate their striving to survive in a tough environment. Therefore, African art can hardly be separated from the lives of people who created it, and this unity seems to be stronger than in the Western artistic tradition.[3] One of the very exciting exhibitions where we can find beautiful exemplars of African art is the exhibition devoted to Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Let us with the help of this exhibition explore how modern viewers perceive objects of quite a different culture, and whether this exhibition manages to make the displayed objects of art speak to spectators in their native language. For this task we may pick several objects representative of the African culture as far as they reflect upon the main traditional themes of past and present African art. It must be pointed out from the outset that very often there are no firm dates for many of objects of African art. This is because African artists neither signed nor dated their creations. However, as many pieces of African art are made of wood, which is not a very long-lasting material, especially in African environment, it is thought that most of the wooden pieces of African art can probably be dated as belonging to the end of the nineteenth or the beginning of the twentieth century. Of course, aside from wood many objects are made of stone, clay, bronze, silver, gold, ivory, and terracotta. Such objects are long-lasting and those of them that have been found in known archeological contexts and in properly investigated archaeological locations have more or less fixed dates attributed to them. I propose to choose the following objects for the further research: A seated figure of a male from the thirteenth century, which offers an impressive image of anxiety that speaks directly to viewers` emotions (figure 1 in Appendix). This object originates from Inland Niger Delta region, the site named Jenne-jeno, which is the most ancient known city of sub-Saharan Africa. The Metropolitan Museum of Art acquired this object in 1981 as a bequest from Joseph Pulitzer, Harris Brisbane Dick, and Rogers Funds. (already fixed) A memorial head of a ruler of the Akan ethnic group from Western Africa from the seventeenth century that reflects idealized notions of African people (figure 2 in Appendix). This object`s origin was Hemang city in the Twifo region of Ghana, the land of the Akan ethnic group. It was initially a part of Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection and was given to museum by Nelson A. Rockefeller in 1967. A pendant mask dated of the sixteenth century, which has an interesting history and therefore can enhance our understanding of the role of art in African cultures (figure 3 in Appendix). This object originates from Benin, a culturally important region populated by Edo speaking people that is a part of southern and northern The mask has a rich history of ownership, as it belonged to Brenda Z. Seligman, Prof. C. G. Seligman, and Sir Ralph Moor. In the end, it also became a part of Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection and was gifted to museum by Nelson A. Rockefeller in 1972. (I`m afraid that if more detailed info is needed on provenance, the only way to get it is to visit the museum and find out, because officially Metropolitan Museum states only what we have mentioned above, i.e. that â€Å"it belonged to Brenda Z. Seligman, Prof. C. G. Seligman, and Sir Ralph Moor. In the end, it also became a part of Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection and was gifted to museum by Nelso n A. Rockefeller in 1972†) Of course, there exists a diverse and comprehensive body of research dedicated to such a complex phenomenon as African art. Most of the books dedicated to this topic attempt to integrate African art with social and ethnographic peculiarities of African cultures. I believe that this is a rightful path to follow, because if we try to comprehend the meaning of African objects of art while ignoring their context we risk not grasping their true meaning that was assigned to them by their creators. Among books that provide such an integrated approach to the research of African art we may highlight several. One of them is the work History of Art in Africa by Monica Blackmun Visona and numerous co-authors. This book is not that much a strictly formal research but rather a detailed guide that increases our understanding of artistic forms created in different regions of Africa by different peoples and cultures, especially those of the Sub-Saharan areas. From the academic point of view, by means of a combination of modern research of various forms of African arts and their attempts to apply those findings to different geographic regions and different times of African history authors had made a significant contribution to the literature devoted to the history of art. Another relevant work that deals with African art is the book edited by Tom Phillips Africa: The Art of a Continent. It is one of the most thorough general works on African art that provides detailed overview of art forms and styles, and at the same time gives extensive description of African tribes and their influence on regionalized art forms. In this way, this book is helpful as a reference for those who would like to systemize the knowledge of African art that one already has, and to localize cultural centers of African art. In addition to the mentioned books, the work of Sidney Littlefield Kasfir Contemporary African Art is the worthy piece of reasearch that treats the transformations in African art in the latter half of the 20th century. It is a very helpful direction of research because, among other things, it shows how the traditional forms of African art are reevaluated by contemporary African artists themselves. The high level of scholarship of the author and his masterful ability to tie modernity with history co-operate to paradoxically make this book relevant for those who aim to better understand not only modern African art, but its traditional forms as well, which is the important achievement for this author. Each of the mentioned books contains some outstanding points, but at the same time none of them can pretend to be a fully comprehensive guide to African art, if it is at all possible to make a such a guide. But as all those books cover somewhat different aspects of African art, I believe that our task is to try to combine their findings with our immediate impressions from the contemplation of the objects of African art from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in order to achieve the highest possible level of comprehension of the uniqueness of African cultural heritage. This aim leads me to a more general task which I will try to accomplish, namely to see whether it is possible for a museum as a kind of â€Å"modern cultural church† of our society to present objects of an unfamiliar culture in such a way as to enable viewers to really penetrate beyond the objects` material form and recreate in their minds experiences similar to those of artists who embodied their feelings in artistic creations. This task presupposes some psychological research, of which my own impressions from the exhibition will be the object, and also considerations about the general level of successfulness of the exhibit as measured by visible impressions of its other visitors. The first object of our analysis is a seated figure of a male. Due to the age of this piece of art and the fact that African artists did not inscribe their names on their creations it is impossible to know who exactly was the author of this object. However, we know that this sculpture originates from a location known as Jenne-jeno, which was the most ancient known city of sub-Saharan Africa. This was a center that thrived around the ninth century AD, but declined by the beginning of the fifteenth century leaving numerous artifacts made of forged iron, cast brass, and clay. While performed archaeological digs give only a vague glimpse of the true role of art in that region, the available heritage of the old culture of Jenne-jeno definitely shows that artists of the urban society of that time possessed highly sophisticated artistic skills. For example, this particularly impressive figure, with its legs crossed, its chest almost pressed against a leg, and its head touching its knee, transmits the sensation of anxiety and stress, or, alternatively, of a full immersion in a prayer. This frozen emotional load of the sculpture bespeaks the motives of a creator of this piece of art that apparently were aimed at expressing intense emotional experiences that could arise from such events as ritual commemoration of the death of loved people. The method of direct portrayal of emotions as if written on the face of the figure serves to actually dissolve boundaries of time and make this object universally understood. (well, sometimes we have to defend our position, and in this case it actually could be both that the figure is tense or relaxed in prayer, and it`s not a contradiction. In fact, I checked the website of the Metropolitan and, ironically, there it is also said that this figure â€Å"simultaneously suggests the knotted tension of anxiety and the sublime absorption of deep prayer†) At the same time, sculptures like this one despite their concreteness of representation could simultaneously serve as a symbolic image of ancestors or mythic heroes, in this way existing in realms of both the material and spiritual, and therefore most probably were employed in ritual ceremonies. Indeed, the shaved head of this figure and its state of self-immersion are somewhat symbolized and remind of mourning practices that are still used by many cultures of sub-Saharan Africa.[4] In this way, this object enables us to suppose that such practices were as well common 700 years ago among peoples of the Inland Niger Delta. But, of course, due to the mentioned scarcity of our knowledge of the true role of art in the region of Jenne-jeno we cannot convincingly limit the role of this figure exclusively to mourning practices. In terms of materials used, this object is made of terracotta, a brownish baked earth clay that is a durable and easily workable substance. Usually, found terracotta figures have a lot of detail, because this material was widely used in African art for production of bodily ornaments and jewelry. This sculpture is not an exception as can be seen from its physical appearance and its surface qualities. For example, the technique used for the creation of this object enabled the author to make the parallel lines of knobs and dots on the back of the figure in such a way as to give it a heightened sense of relief. By the way, such knobs and dots were employed in African art quite often, sometimes covering the whole space of human figures. It is thought that this element in art was supposed to stand for signs of some kind of sicknesses that abound in African environment. [5] Combining the mentioned aspects of this object of art, I have to admit that I was greatly impressed by its overall look, and I noticed that the general response of other museum visitors was similar as people were apparently staying near this object for a longer time than on average. I believe the reason for this is the skillful work of the artist who managed to embody in the material shape a lot of emotional load, and therefore reached a powerful effect. But what made me especially excited about this object was the realization of the fact that for the author of this work its message was most probably personally experienced, and therefore this object conforms to one of the most important tasks of art, which lies in the creation of universal space of communication that transcends bounds of time and cultures. The second object of our research is a memorial head of a ruler dated of the seventeenth century, and for which we also do not know the author. This terracotta object is a decorated portrait that depicts a serene man with accurately balanced facial features and striped long neck. This form of African art belongs to what is called in some West-African cultures as â€Å"mma†, an idealized image that depicts the positive qualities that were expected from a ruler. Therefore, one of the main motives for the creation of this object was its involvement in ritual procedures. In fact, it is known that such portraits were crafted posthumously and were left along with similar images of preceding rulers in special sacred cemeteries and shrines called â€Å"mmaso† that had to keep the memory and the history of lineage of noble members of African societies. Additionally, this practice of posthumous pictorial commemoration of rulers also extended to members of his court and his servants, who were supposed to continue their service for their ruler after his death as well. â€Å"Mmaso† cemeteries were the places of regular offerings and prayers aimed at the constant support of the deceased ancestors.[6] On these grounds, it stands to reason that artists who created portraits such as the one we are studying were adding a great deal of symbolism to their creations. Indeed, the general appearance of this object is such that for me it was hard to imagine the person who it was intended to copy, and I suspect that the exact physical resemblance might not have been the main concern of the author of this memorial portrait. This head is also made from terracotta, and is decorated with fragments of quartz. But in contrast to the previous terracotta object that depicts a figure in a very plastic and emotional way, this object looks as if it was consciously processed by the artist without excessive modification of the original terracotta sphere. It seems that the facial features of the man float above the rough material they are inscribed on, and radiate a kind and positive irony, which to my judgement testifies to a very subtle technique used by the artist that is on a par with the best recognized masterpieces of fine arts. At the same time, it seems to me that this object of art retains some mystery, as if the closed eyes of the man say that we cannot see the world that his eyes had seen, and that we might have to become one of his contemporaries to fully perceive the world view of this ancient ruler and the artist who immortalized him. (Hm, it`s really hard to say what the professor meant by putting â€Å"!† along this portion of the text. . . Do you know exactly?) Interestingly, many people in the museum behaved as if feeling in some subconscious way the ultimate futility of efforts to fully comprehend the message of this object, because I noticed that in most cases visitors did not spend much time near this memorial head. But I believe that with this work the artist reached perhaps the most important artistic effect, that of its ability to intrigue truly attentive viewers, and therefore make them wonder about the hidden aspects of the culture that gave birth to this object. The last target of our research is a mask, the object strongly associated with African art. And, indeed, this mask had a special meaning for its creators. It is dated of the sixteenth century, and in contrast to previous anonymous works this artifact can give us some hints as to its artistic origin. In fact, this mask is thought to have been created in the beginning of the sixteenth century for the king of Benin Esigie. The mask depicts the elaborated and thoughtful portrait of the mother of the king, and it was probably used in rites that honored the king`s mother. From this we can guess that this mask was created by some court artist specifically for the ritual purposes, moreover that even today in many African cultures similar pendant masks are always involved in yearly rituals of spiritual purification. To reinforce this assumption we should point out that this mask is primarily made of ivory, the material that in Benin is associated with the white color that symbolizes ritual purity of the god of the sea named Olokun. This god was also viewed as a spiritual guard of kings, so this mask could bear several meanings.[7] In addition to ivory as a primary material, this mask is decorated with metal mosaic, has carved superficial incisions in the skin of its forehead, and holds below the chin beads made of coral. Interestingly, the collar and the diadem of the mask contain images of mudfish and bearded Portuguese. Mudfish live both in the water and on land, and thus it stands for the dual nature of the king who is simultaneously human and divine. On the other hand, Portuguese, who arrived from the sea, were perceived as coming from the spiritual realm. In this way, this mask integrates in it numerous symbols of the African culture. In general, this object of art conveys a somewhat different impression than previous ones. First of all, its high level of detail draws attention and begs for an especially careful inspection from the side of a viewer. On the other hand, despite having many types of decorations this mask nevertheless looks very integral and thematically complete. Moreover, among the objects of our research this mask is the most realistic one in terms of its resemblance to an actual human being. But at the same time it seemed to me that maybe because of its portrait-like look many people fail to notice the depth of its symbolical meaning of which the facial form of the mask is merely a small part. Thus, we can see that African artists already long time ago fully possessed the skill of integration of multilayered symbolical messages in a work of art, which uncovers the richness of their world views. On ground of our observations, we may conclude that museum exhibits can really give visitors a chance to relive experiences of cultures as different from ours as African ones are. However, the expansion of our cultural awareness is a task that perhaps to a larger degree depends on a viewer himself. Indeed, if a viewer just walks by the exhibit, she may get only a very limited impression of African art which may only confirm some formulaic notions that many of us have about it, like that there are a lot of masks, that objects of African art are of a strange look, etc. Even I must admit that without the deeper investigation of the history and hidden messages of the objects of African art that we had researched I would most probably also fail to see the true meaning of the works of African art, because a superficiality of judgement reduces the artistic creations merely to their material form and ignores their spiritual connotation. On a more practical side, I would recommend that in relation to exhibits devoted to exotic forms of art, of which African art is a good example, museums should not merely provide a passive presentation of artistic objects, but rather should take more proactive steps in terms of attraction of visitors` attention towards hidden aspects of art that may defy superficial attitude. For example, this purpose may be achieved through organization of publicly open regular thematic seminars on new historical, ethnographic and iconographic research devoted to African and other exotic forms of art, and through advertised presentations of new objects obtained by museum. All of this would help put what otherwise might be perceived as isolated individual objects of art into a larger cultural context, and therefore might increase public awareness of the specifics and values of art of different regions of the world.    Bibliography: â€Å"Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas†. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006. Bacquart, Jean-Baptiste. The Tribal Arts of Africa. Thames & Hudson, 2002. Brettell, Richard R. Modern Art 1851-1929 : Capitalism and Representation. Oxford University Press, 1999. Drewal, Henry John, Pemberton, John III, Abiodun, Rowland, and Wardwell, Allen, (Ed.). Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought. Harry N Abrams, 1990. Ezra, Kate. Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992. Hahner-Herzog, Iris, Kecskesi, Maria, and Vajda, Lazlo. African Masks: The Barbier- Mueller Collection. Prestel Publishing, 1998. Kasfir, Sidney Littlefield. Contemporary African Art. Thames & Hudson, 2000. Mills, C. Wright. Power, Politics, and People: The Collected Essays of C. Wright Mills Oxford University Press, 1967. Phillips, Tom, (Ed.). Africa: The Art of a Continent. Prestel Publishing, 1999. Thompson, Robert Farris. African Art in Motion: Icon and Act in the Collection of Katherine Coryton White. University of California Press, 1974. Turner, Victor Witter. Revelation and divination in Ndembu ritual (Symbol, myth, and ritual). Cornell University Press, 1975. Visona, Monica Blackmun, Poynor, Robin, Cole, Herbert M., Harris, Michael D., Abiodun, Rowland, and Blier, Suzanne Preston. History of Art in Africa. Prentice Hall, 2003. Willett, Frank. African Art. Thames & Hudson, 2002. Works Cited: Hahner-Herzog, Iris, Kecskesi, Maria, and Vajda, Lazlo. African Masks: The Barbier- Mueller Collection. Prestel Publishing, 1998. Kasfir, Sidney Littlefield. Contemporary African Art. Thames & Hudson, 2000. Mills, C. Wright. Power, Politics, and People: The Collected Essays of C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press, 1967. Paz, Octavio. Convergences: Essays on Art and Literature. Harvest/HBJ Book, 1991. Phillips, Tom, (Ed.). Africa: The Art of a Continent. Prestel Publishing, 1999. Visona, Monica Blackmun, Poynor, Robin, Cole, Herbert M., Harris, Michael D., Abiodun, Rowland, and Blier, Suzanne Preston. History of Art in Africa. Prentice Hall, 2003. (As you could see, I already have removed Paz from Bibliography)

French Expressions Using Vouloir

The French verb vouloir literally means to want and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to hold a grudge, only half want something, wish someone well, and more with this list of expressions with vouloir. Possible Meanings of Vouloir to wantto claim, assertto expectto need, require Vouloir has a different meaning in certain verb tenses and moods. Expressions with Vouloir vouloir à   manger/boireto want something to eat/drinkvouloir absolumentto be dead set on, determined tovouloir biento really want toVouloir, cest pouvoir (proverb)Where theres a will theres a wayvouloir de food/drinkto want somevouloir direto meanvouloir du bien à   quelquunto wish someone wellvouloir du mal à   quelquunto wish someone ill/harmvouloir faire quelque choseto want to do somethingvouloir que quelquun fasse quelque choseto want someone to do somethingvouloir que quelque chose se fasseto want something to be donevouloir quelque chose de quelquunto want something from someonevouloir sans vouloirto only half wanten vouloir (informal)to want/be raring to goen vouloir à   (informal)to be mad at (someone), be after (something)ne pas vouloir blesser quelquunto not mean to hurt someonene pas vouloir quon se croie obligà ©to not want someone to feel obligedne pas vouloir de quelquun/quelque choseto not want someone/somethingne plus vouloir de quelquun/quelque choseto no lon ger want someone/somethingsans le vouloirunintentionally, inadvertentlysans vouloir te/vous vexerno offensesen vouloir de infinitiveto be annoyed with oneself forÇa va comme tu veux? (informal)Is everything all right/OK?comme le veut la loiaccording to the law, as the law requirescomme le veut la traditionaccording to traditionComme tu veux / vous voulezAs you like/wish/please, Have it your way, Suit yourselfComment voulez-vous que je sache  ?How should I know?, How do you expect me to know?Comment veux-tu / voulez-vous que subjunctive  ?How do you expect (s.o. to do s.t.)?faire de quelquun ce quon veutto do what one likes with someone, to twist someone around his/her little fingerLe feu na pas voulu prendrethe fire wouldnt light ou catchle hasard voulut queas luck would have it... en veux-tu en voilà   (informal)tons of...Il y a des problà ¨mes en veux-tu en voilà   (informal)There are tons of problemsIls en voulaient à   sa vieThey wanted him deadJaurais voulu que v ous voyiez sa tà ªte  !I wish you could have seen his face!Jaurais voulu ty voir  !Id like to see what youd have done!Je men voudrais  !Not on your life!Je ne ten veux pasIm not mad at you, No hard feelingsJe ne voudrais pas abuserI dont want to imposeJe veux  ! (familiar)You bet! Id love to!Je veux bienYes, pleaseJe veux bien le croire mais ...Id like to believe him but ...Je voudrais que vous voyiez sa tà ªte  !I wish you could see his face!Je voulais te/vous dire...I wanted, meant to tell you...Je voudrais bien voir à §a  !Id like to see that!Je voudrais ty voir  !Id like to see you try!Le malheur a voulu quil subjunctiveHe had the misfortune to...Moi je veux bien, mais...Fair enough, but ...Ne men veuillez pasDont hold it against meNe men veux pas (informal)Dont hold it against meQuand on veut, on peut (proverb)Where theres a will theres a wayQuest-ce que tu veux / vous voulez  ?What can you do?, What do you expect?Que veux-tu / voulez-vous  ?What can you d o?, What do you expect?Que voulez-vous quon y fasse  ?What do you expect us/them to do about it?Quest-ce que tu veux que je te dise  ?What can I say? what do you want me to say?Que lui voulez-vous  ?What do you want with him?Quest-ce quil me veut, celui-là  Ã‚  ? (informal)What does he want from me?br/>quil le veuille ou nonwhether he likes it or notsavoir ce quon veutto know what one wantsSi tu veuxIf you like/want, If you willSi tu voulais bien le faireIf youd be kind enough to do itSi vous le voulez bienIf you dont mindSi vous voulez bien me suivreThis way, pleaseTu las voulu  !You asked for it!Tu lauras voulu  !Itll be your own fault! Youll have brought it on yourself!Tu ne men veux pas  ?No hard feelings?Tu veux bien leur dire que...Would you please tell them that ...Lusage veut que...Custom requires that...Veuillez agrà ©er/croire... (business letter)Please accept...Veuillez croire à   toute ma sympathiePlease accept my deepest sympathyVeux-tu (bien) infinitive   !Will you (please) ...!Veux-tu que je te dise/raconte pourquoi...  ?Shall I tell you why ...?Voudriez-vous avoir lobligeance/lamabilità © de...Would you be so kind as to ...Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir  ?Do you want to sleep with me tonight?se vouloirto claim to be, to be supposed to beVouloir conjugations